Footwear definition of Footwear in the Free Online

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Footwear definition of Footwear within the Free Online Encyclopedia
Footwear human clothing worn to protect feet from harmful external effects.
Modern footwear is designed for everyday or special wear. Everyday footwear includes shoes for daytime, evening (high fashion), and home wear. Special footwear comprises orthopedic and industrial shoes and shoes worn for various sports.
shoes or boots are determined by internal dimensions and shape, particularly the size and width. Within the French size code which was formerly utilized in the USSR but still exists in several countries, shoe size is based on along the foot of the final (insole) which the footwear is manufactured. The size is expressed in units, with 1 unit equaling 2/3 cm. For instance, a size 36 shoe comes with an insole length comparable to 36 units. In the USSR, a system of footwear sizes has been introduced (State Standard 3927 where the length in cm of the foot is used because the size number. Each size represents a rise of 0.5 cm. Table 1 shows the various shoe-size categories within the USSR. Shoes of the same size ought to be obtainable in different widths. The width corresponds towards the girth from the foot in the metatarsophalangeal joint and is designated with a number or a letter.
Table 1. Shoe size categories in the USSRCategorySize (cm)Infants (up to 12 months) .9.0 (1-to-1 years) .10.5 (Two to four years) .13.5 (Five to seven years) .17.0 (Eight to ten years).19.5 (10 to 13 years) .21.5 (Eight to ten years) .19.5 (11 to 14 years).22.5 .21.5 .245 design of shoes or boots are determined by the anatomy of the foot and its range of movement. Moreover, the design of the last is dependent upon aesthetic requirements, fashion,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and also the capabilities of production equipment. Because movement causes the foot to expand 10 to 12 mm, the length of the insole is made more than those of the foot (5 mm longer in females everyday shoes and 10 mm longer in males and boys shoes). In youngsters footwear,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], annual foot growth is taken into account. With mass manufacture of footwear, the range of sizes and the quantity of each size to become manufactured are calculated based on a norm established with a survey of foot sizes.
Modern footwear is marked by a great diversity of form, style, decoration, and detail. The various shoe parts, with respect to the load or stress acting on them, are manufactured from materials with various mechanical properties. For that exterior of top of the, leather, cloth, or artificial leather is used. The soles are made of leather, rubber (porous, nonporous, or leatherlike), Nylon 6, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], or any other materials. The parts from the upper generally are stitched together, forming top of the stock. Top of the is joined towards the sole by one of various methods, including the cement shoe technique, hot vulcanization, the injection-molded-sole technique, and stitching. The cement shoe method involves applying cement to the stretched edges from the upper and to the sole. Hot vulcanization from the bottom to the shoes or boots are done in special presses, into that the upper has already been placed with the bottom stock (sole, heel, and lining), which has been cut from a raw rubber mixture. Top of the continues to be stretched on the last, and cement has been applied to its stretched edge. The temperature and pressure in the presses simultaneously vulcanize the raw rubber and fasten the underside to the upper. In the injected-molded-sole technique, a single production operation both molds the underside (from a polymer or gelatinous paste) and fastens it towards the upper. After a brief cooling period, the finished content is removed from the mold and do not require further processing. The stitching method consists of sewing the underside towards the upper with linen or nylon thread. The most common stitching method is welting, whereby the only is fastened to a welt, a strip of leather or synthetic material measuring 12 mm wide. The welt is first sewn to the upper after which towards the insole.
Modern footwear must meet numerous hygienic,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], physical, and sanitary requirements. Under normal air conditions (temperature of 18 and humidity of 65 percent),[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 1.5 g of perspiration receive off in 1 hour from the foot surface of an adult at rest, and 8 g when in motion. Evaporation is possible only when the relative air humidity within the footwear is sufficiently low. It is essential the foot maintain a medium using a definite temperature and humidity. This can be ensured by choosing the proper materials and design for footwear.
V. M. KLIUCHNIKOVA
Everyday footwear shouldn't press on the foot. The toe of the shoe should correspond to the shape from the toes, the only ought to be flexible, and also the counter ought to be stiff. The toe may be pointed only in that part of the shoe beyond the toes. Poorly fitted footwear for kids impedes normal development of the foot. The arches of the feet might be damaged, and flatfootedness may develop. Tight and narrow footwear, with long wearing, can result in deformation of the foot, restriction of joint mobility, and a disruption of blood and lymph circulation. In cold and damp weather, tight shoes cause the feet to obtain cold and also to freeze. Excessively large footwear may cause chafing and also the formation of calluses.
Probably the most comfortable shoes are those having a broad heel of moderate height (2 cm for males, 2 cm for women, 1 cm for schoolchildren, and 2 cm for teenagers). Wearing footwear with excessive a heel shortens the gastrocnemius muscles and weakens the ligaments and the anterior muscles of the knee. It may cause foot cramps, sprained ligaments, and dislocated ankles. The wearing of high-heeled shoes by youngsters can cause curvature of the spine, a general change in the shape from the pelvis, and displacement of internal organs. The thermal insulation properties of footwear are particularly important, because they provide a normal temperature on the surface from the foot throughout the various seasons.
Leather footwear using a leather sole is most hygienic. It is sufficiently strong enough, air permeable, and versatile. Footwear for winter use in cold climates should be inslated with wool, natural or simulated fur, or anyone of numerous synthetic materials. In summer footwear, for example sandals, sufficient air exchange ought to be provided.
Footwear designed for various sports should satisfy the special requirements of its specific purpose. Footwear for hiking, skiing, and rock climbing should be heat retentive and waterproof this will let you free cut. Mountain-climbing shoes or boots are produced from thick leather and it has a double sole, that metal lugs are attached when necessary. Cross-country skiers wear an easy shoe having a flexible toe, which enables the toe to bend. Slalom skiers and ski jumpers wear a boot with a thick, unbending sole and with special straps that contain the ankle securely. Speed skaters wear an easy shoe, with a narrow sole and with welts about the skates for better stability. Figure skates are high, at least 8 cm above the ankle, to prevent spraining the ankle ligaments. Track footwear is light and therefore are produced from soft leather that matches the foot snugly. They do not have stiff counters and toes or coarse seams and folds on the inside. Footwear for wrestlers, boxers, and bodybuilders is made from strong soft leather and is ankle-high. Rubber is cemented to the sole to avoid slipping.
Orthopedic shoes or boots are prescribed to treat pathological changes in the feet. It may also help to fix incipient, nonpermanent deformations from the legs, by arresting the aggravation of such deformations. Orthopedic shoes often make amends for shortened legs. The footwear should correspond in shape and size towards the patient foot and really should be light, flexible,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and strong. Its shape should not be altered during wear. The inside should be smooth, without rough seams; indentations are provided for that painful areas of the foot. The upper of all orthopedic footwear is made from soft leather. Stiff leather can be used for that counters and, sometimes, for the sides; leather, Duralumin, cork,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], felt, or plastic can be used for the insoles.
Industrial shoes or boots are used to protect the feet from occupational injury. High or low boots are manufactured for operate in hot shops. The front surface is smooth, and there's a diagonal side slit and easily opening clasps. Top of the is made of heat-resistant Russian leather or kersey, and also the sole from heat-resistant rubber. The insole consists of felt and leatherboard. In emergency situations, protective asbestos overboots with a fireproof backing are worn. For protection against moisture, footwear made from rubber or leather given water repellents is used. For protection against cold, footwear is produced from fur,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], felt, coarse-wooled fabric,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], or insulated Russian leather and has a warm lining and loose insoles.
Dielectric boots are worn in cases where there's contact with electric current. Such shoes or boots are stored in a dark area with a temperature of 5 and a relative humidity of 50 percent. The dielectric properties are tested at least one time every 6 months. For protection against chemicals (acids, alkalies), special rubber boots are worn. After use the boots should be neutralized with soda against an acid or by having an organic acid solution against an alkali. A pair of boots should then be rinsed with water. Such footwear ought to be kept in a dark area in a temperature of 0 In occupations which have high risk of physical injury, shoes with external or internal metal toes are worn. Vibration-resistant footwear has a sole of multilayer porous rubber and loose insoles of proper porous materials. In jobs in which radioactive substances are handled,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], rubber boots are worn, much like rubber and plastic larrigans. Such footwear is kept in a unique place and is periodically inspected. It's prohibited to get rid of such footwear from the factory or plant premises.
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